Average gestation: 283 days (range 279-287)
Cattle gestation averages 283 days but varies by breed: Jersey 280, Holstein 283, Angus/Hereford 285, Charolais 287, Brahman 289 days. Bull calves tend to gestate 1-2 days longer than heifers. First-calf heifers may calve slightly earlier. Pregnancy can be confirmed by rectal palpation (35+ days), ultrasound (28+ days), or blood/milk progesterone tests. Dry off dairy cows 60 days before expected calving. Move to a clean calving area 2-3 weeks before due date. Signs of impending calving: swollen vulva, relaxed tailhead ligaments, full udder with wax on teats, and restlessness. Most calvings occur naturally, but assistance may be needed if labor exceeds 2 hours of active pushing.